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| What it measures | Total gain/loss (%) | Annualized growth rate | Annualized return with exact transaction dates |
| Time consideration | ✕Ignores time completely | ✓Considers overall duration | ✓Considers exact date of each transaction |
| Formula | (Final - Initial) / Initial × 100 | (Final/Initial)^(1/years) - 1 | Solves for NPV = 0 using Newton-Raphson |
| Number of transactions | Works with any | Limited to 2 (one buy, one sell) | Works with unlimited transactions |
| Best for | Quick snapshot, investments < 1 year | Single lump sum investments | SIP, multiple transactions, real portfolios |
| Calculation complexity | Very simple | Simple | Complex (needs calculator/Excel) |
| Can compare different durations? | ✕No | ✓Yes | ✓Yes |
| Industry standard for | Short-term trading | Mutual fund factsheets | Portfolio performance tracking |